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What Religion Does Not Eat Beef

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Religious practices involving not eating meat

The practice of vegetarianism is strongly linked with a number of religious traditions worldwide. These include religions that originated in Bharat, such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. With close to 85% of India'southward billion-plus population practicing these religions, India remains the land with the highest number of vegetarians in the world[ commendation needed ].

In Jainism, vegetarianism is mandatory for anybody; in Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism and certain Dharmic organized religion such as Sikhism, it is promoted past scriptures and religious regime but non mandatory.[ane] [ii] In the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), the Bahá'í Faith,[iii] [4] vegetarianism is less ordinarily viewed as a religious obligation, although in all these faiths there are groups actively promoting vegetarianism on religious grounds, and many other faiths hold vegetarian and vegan thought among their tenets.[5] [half-dozen]

Religions originating in the Indian subcontinent [edit]

Vegetarianism in aboriginal India
All south from this is named the Centre Kingdom. ... Throughout the whole country the people do not kill any living fauna, nor beverage intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic. The simply exception is that of the Chandalas. That is the proper noun for those who are (held to be) wicked men, and live apart from others. ... In that country they do not keep pigs and fowls, and do not sell alive cattle; in the markets there are no butchers' shops and no dealers in intoxicating drink. In ownership and selling commodities they use cowries. Merely the Chandalas are fishermen and hunters, and sell flesh meat.

— Faxian, Chinese pilgrim to India (4th/5th century CE), A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (translated by James Legge)[7] [8]

Jainism institutes an outright ban on meat. Majority of Indians eat meat and only about thirty% of India's 1.ii billion population practices lacto vegetarianism.[9]

Jainism [edit]

The food choices of Jains are based on the value of ahimsa (non-violence), and this makes the Jains to prefer food that inflict the least amount of violence

Vegetarianism in Jainism is based on the principle of nonviolence (ahimsa, literally "non-injuring"). Vegetarianism is considered mandatory for everyone. Jains are either lacto-vegetarians or vegans.[ten] No apply or consumption of products obtained from dead animals is allowed. Moreover, Jains try to avert unnecessary injury to plants and suksma jiva (Sanskrit for 'subtle life forms'; minuscule organisms). The goal is to crusade every bit piffling violence to living things as possible, hence they avoid eating roots, tubers such as potatoes, garlic and annihilation that involves uprooting (and thus eventually killing) a found to obtain food.

Every act by which a person directly or indirectly supports killing or injury is seen every bit violence (hinsa), which creates harmful karma. The aim of ahimsa is to prevent the accumulation of such karma.[11] Jains consider nonviolence to be the nearly essential religious duty for everyone (ahinsā paramo dharmaḥ, a statement often inscribed on Jain temples). Their scrupulous and thorough way of applying nonviolence to everyday activities, and especially to food, shapes their entire lives and is the most pregnant authentication of Jain identity. A side upshot of this strict discipline is the exercise of asceticism,[12] which is strongly encouraged in Jainism for lay people equally well as for monks and nuns.

Jains do non practise animal sacrifice equally they consider all sentient beings to exist equal.

Hinduism [edit]

Hinduism has a wide variety of practices and behavior that accept changed over time.[13] Only some sects of Hindus detect vegetarianism,[14] an estimated 33% of all Hindus are vegetarians.[15] [16]

Nonviolence [edit]

The principle of nonviolence (ahimsa) applied to animals is connected with the intention to avert negative karmic influences which effect from violence. The suffering of all beings is believed to arise from peckish and desire, conditioned by the karmic furnishings of both creature and human action. The violence of slaughtering animals for food, and its source in craving, reveal flesh eating as one way in which humans enslave themselves to suffering.[17] Hinduism holds that such influences affect the person who permits the slaughter of an animal, the person who kills it, the person who cuts information technology up, the person who buys or sells meat, the person who cooks it, the person who serves information technology up, and the person who eats information technology. They must all exist considered the slayers of the animal.[17] The question of religious duties towards the animals and of negative karma incurred from violence (himsa) confronting them is discussed in detail in Hindu scriptures and religious constabulary books.

Hindu scriptures belong or refer to the Vedic menses which lasted till nearly 500 BCE according to the chronological segmentation by modern historians. In the historical Vedic religion, the predecessor of Hinduism, meat eating was not banned in principle, but was restricted by specific rules. Several highly authoritative scriptures bar violence against domestic animals except in the case of ritual sacrifice. This view is clearly expressed in the Mahabharata (3.199.11–12;[xviii] thirteen.115; 13.116.26; thirteen.148.17), the Bhagavata Purana (xi.5.thirteen–14), and the Chandogya Upanishad (viii.xv.i). For instance, many Hindus signal to the Mahabharata's maxim that "Nonviolence is the highest duty and the highest teaching,"[nineteen] as advocating a vegetarian nutrition. The Mahabharata also states that adharma (sin) was born when creatures started to devour 1 another from desire of nutrient and that adharma e'er destroys every creature "[20] It is as well reflected in the Manu Smriti (v.27–44), a traditional Hindu police force book (Dharmaśāstra). These texts strongly condemn the slaughter of animals and meat eating.

The Mahabharata (12.260;[21] xiii.115–116; 14.28) and the Manu Smriti (5.27–55) contain lengthy discussions nigh the legitimacy of ritual slaughter and subsequent consumption of the meat. In the Mahabharata both meat eaters and vegetarians nowadays various arguments to substantiate their viewpoints. Autonomously from the debates about domestic animals, there is also a long discourse by a hunter in defence of hunting and meat eating.[22] These texts show that both ritual slaughter and hunting were challenged by advocates of universal non-violence and their acceptability was doubtful and a matter of dispute.[23]

Lingayats are strict vegetarians. Devout Lingayats do not consume beef, or meat of whatever kind including fish.[24]

Mod twenty-four hour period [edit]

In mod Bharat, the food habits of Hindus vary according to their community or degree and co-ordinate to regional traditions. Hindu vegetarians commonly eschew eggs but consume milk and dairy products, and then they are lacto-vegetarians.

Co-ordinate to a survey of 2006, vegetarianism is weak in coastal states and strong in landlocked northern and western states and among Brahmins in general, 85% of whom are lacto-vegetarians.[25] In 2018, a report from Economic and Political Weekly showed that as few as i third of upper-caste Indians could be vegetarian.[26]

Many littoral inhabitants are fish eaters. In particular, Bengali Hindus have romanticized fishermen and the consumption of fish through poesy, literature, and music.

Hindus who eat meat are encouraged to swallow Jhatka meat.[27] [28]

Fauna cede in Hinduism [edit]

Fauna cede in Hinduism[29] (sometimes known as Jhatka Bali) is the ritual killing of an animal in Hinduism.

The ritual sacrifice normally forms part of a festival to honour a Hindu god. For example, in Nepal the Hindu goddess Gadhimai,[30] is honoured every v years with the slaughter of 250,000 animals. This practice was banned from 2015.[31] Bali cede today is common at the Sakta shrines of the Goddess Kali. However, animate being sacrifice is illegal in Republic of india.[32]

Buddhism [edit]

Buddhist influenced Korean vegetarian side dishes.

The First Precept prohibits Buddhists from killing people or animals.[33] The affair of whether this forbids Buddhists from eating meat has long been a matter of debate, however, as vegetarianism is non a given in all schools of Buddhism.

The first Buddhist monks and nuns were forbidden from growing, storing, or cooking their own nutrient. They relied entirely on the generosity of alms to feed themselves, and were not allowed to accept money to buy their ain food.[34] [35] They could non make special dietary requests, and had to take whatsoever nutrient alms givers had available, including meat.[34] Monks and nuns of the Theravada schoolhouse of Buddhism, which predominates in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Kingdom of cambodia, Burma, and Laos, still follow these strictures today.

These strictures were relaxed in Prc, Korea, Japan, and other countries that follow Mahayana Buddhism, where monasteries were in remote mountain areas and the distance to the nearest towns fabricated daily alms rounds impractical. In that location, Buddhist monks and nuns could cultivate their ain crops, store their ain harvests, cook their ain meals, and accept money to buy foodstuffs in the marketplace.

According to the Vinaya Pitaka, when Devadatta urged the Buddha to make complete abstinence from meat compulsory, the Buddha refused, maintaining that "monks would accept to take whatsoever they found in their begging bowls, including meat, provided that they had not seen, had not heard, and had no reason to doubtable that the animal had been killed so that the meat could be given to them".[36] At that place were prohibitions on specific kinds of meat: meat from humans, meat from royal animals such every bit elephants or horses, meat from dogs, and meat from dangerous animals like snakes, lions, tigers, panthers, bears and hyenas.[34]

On the other hand, certain Mahayana sutras strongly denounce the eating of meat. According to the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, the Buddha revoked this permission to eat meat and warned of a Nighttime Age when false monks would claim that they were allowed meat.[35] In the Lankavatara Sutra, a disciple of the Buddha named Mahamati asks "[Y]ou teach a doctrine that is flavoured with compassion. It is the didactics of the perfect Buddhas. And nonetheless we consume meat nonetheless; we have not put an end to information technology."[37] An entire affiliate is devoted to the Buddha'due south response, wherein he lists a litany of spiritual, physical, mental, and emotional reasons why meat eating should be abjured.[38] However, according to Suzuki (2004:211) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFSuzuki2004 (assist), this affiliate on meat eating is a "later addition to the text....It is quite probable that meat-eating was practiced more or less among the earlier Buddhists, which was made a subject of astringent criticism past their opponents. The Buddhists at the fourth dimension of the Laṅkāvatāra did not like it, hence this addition in which an apologetic tone is noticeable."[39] Phelps (2004:64–65) points to a passage in the Surangama Sutra which implies advocacy of "not just a vegetarian, but a vegan lifestyle"; however, numerous scholars over the centuries have concluded that the Śūraṅgama Sūtra is a forgery.[40] [41] Moreover, in the Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra, the same sutra which records his retraction of permission to eat meat, the Buddha explicitly identifies every bit "beautiful foods" beloved, milk, and cream, all of which are eschewed by vegans.[35] However, in several other Mahayana scriptures, too (e.g., the Mahayana jatakas), the Buddha is seen clearly to indicate that meat-eating is undesirable and karmically unwholesome.

Some suggest that the rise of monasteries in Mahayana tradition to exist a contributing factor in the emphasis on vegetarianism. In the monastery, food was prepared specifically for monks. In this context, big quantities of meat would have been specifically prepared (killed) for monks. Henceforth, when monks from the Indian geographical sphere of influence migrated to Cathay from the year 65 CE on, they met followers who provided them with money instead of food. From those days onwards Chinese monastics, and others who came to inhabit northern countries, cultivated their own vegetable plots and bought food in the market.[vii][8] This remains the ascendant practise in People's republic of china, Vietnam, and function of Korean Mahayanan temples.

Mahayana lay Buddhists oft eat vegetarian diets on the vegetarian dates (齋期). There are different arrangement of the dates, from several days to three months in each year, in some traditions, the celebration of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara's altogether, enlightenment and leaving dwelling house days hold the highest importance to be vegetarian.

In Red china, Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, and their respective diaspora communities, monks and nuns are expected to abjure from meat and, traditionally, eggs and dairy, in addition to the fetid vegetables – traditionally garlic, Allium chinense, asafoetida, shallot, and Allium victorialis (victory onion or mountain leek), although in mod times this rule is oft interpreted to include other vegetables of the onion genus, also every bit coriander – this is chosen pure vegetarianism or veganism (純素, chúnsù). Pure vegetarianism or veganism is Indic in origin and is still practiced in Bharat past some adherents of Dharmic religions such as Jainism and in the case of Hinduism, lacto-vegetarianism with the boosted avoidance of pungent or fetid vegetables.

In the modern Buddhist world, attitudes toward vegetarianism vary by location. In China and Vietnam, monks typically consume no meat, with other restrictions also. In Japan or Korea, some schools do not eat meat, while about do. Theravadins in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia do not practice vegetarianism. All Buddhists, including monks, are allowed to practice vegetarianism if they wish to do and then. Phelps (2004:147) states that "There are no authentic statistics, but I would guess—and it is only a guess—that worldwide about half of all Buddhists are vegetarian".

Sikhism [edit]

At the Sikh langar, all people eat a vegetarian repast equally equals.

Some followers of Sikhism do not have a preference for meat or vegetarian consumption.[42] [43] [44] [45] Even so the indian land of Punjab, homeplace for most Sikhs, has the 3rd highest percent of vegetarians out of all 29 indian states. There are 2 views on initiated or "Amritdhari Sikhs" and meat consumption. "Amritdhari" Sikhs (i.e., those who follow the Sikh Rehat Maryada, the Official Sikh Code of Conduct[46]) can consume meat (provided information technology is not Kutha meat). "Amritdharis" who belong to some Sikh sects (e.grand., Akhand Kirtani Jatha, Damdami Taksal, Namdhari,[47] Rarionwalay,[48] etc.) are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs.[49]

In the case of meat, the Sikh gurus have indicated their preference for a simple diet,[50] which could include meat or not. Passages from the Guru Granth Sahib (the holy volume of Sikhs, also known every bit the Adi Granth) say that fools debate over this issue. Guru Nanak said that overconsumption of food (Lobh, 'greed') involves a drain on the World's resources and thus on life.[51] The tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, prohibited the Sikhs from the consumption of halal or Kutha (any ritually slaughtered meat) meat because of the Sikh belief that sacrificing an brute in the proper noun of God is mere ritualism (something to be avoided).[42]

Guru Nanak states that all living beings are connected. Even meat comes from the consumption of vegetables, and all forms of life are based on water.[52]

O Pandit, yous do not know where did mankind originate! It is water where life originated and it is water that sustains all life. It is water that produces grains, sugarcane, cotton and all forms of life.

Sikhs who eat meat swallow Jhatka meat.

Abrahamic religions [edit]

Judaic, Christian, and Muslim traditions (Abrahamic religions) all have potent connections to the Biblical ideal of the Garden of Eden,[53] which includes references to a herbivore diet.[Genesis 1:29–31, Isaiah xi:6–9] While vegetarianism has not traditionally been viewed every bit mainstream in these traditions, some Jews, Christians, and Muslims practice and abet vegetarianism.

Judaism [edit]

Though Jewish vegetarianism is not oftentimes viewed as mainstream, a number of Jews take argued for Jewish vegetarianism. Medieval rabbis such as Joseph Albo and Isaac Arama regarded vegetarianism as a moral platonic,[54] and a number of modernistic Jewish groups and Jewish religious and cultural authorities have promoted vegetarianism. Groups advocating for Jewish vegetarianism include Jewish Veg, a contemporary grassroots organization promoting veganism as "God's ideal diet",[55] and the Shamayim V'Aretz Institute, which promotes a vegan diet in the Jewish community through animal welfare activism, kosher veganism, and Jewish spirituality.[56] One source of advancement for Jewish vegetarianism in Israel is Amirim, a vegetarian moshav (village).[57]

Jewish Veg has named 75 gimmicky rabbis who encourage veganism for all Jews, including Jonathan Wittenberg, Daniel Sperber, David Wolpe, Nathan Lopes Cardozo, Kerry Olitzky, Shmuly Yanklowitz, Aryeh Cohen, Geoffrey Claussen, Rami M. Shapiro, David Rosen, Raysh Weiss, Elyse Goldstein, Shefa Gilt, and Yonassan Gershom.[58] [59] Other rabbis who have promoted vegetarianism accept included David Cohen, Shlomo Goren, Irving Greenberg, Asa Keisar, Jonathan Sacks, She'ar Yashuv Cohen, and Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog. Other notable advocates of Jewish vegetarianism include Franz Kafka, Roberta Kalechofsky, Richard H. Schwartz, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Jonathan Safran Foer, and Aaron Due south. Gross.

Jewish vegetarians often cite Jewish principles regarding brute welfare, ecology ethics, moral character, and health equally reasons for adopting a vegetarian or vegan diet.[lx] Some Jews point to legal principles including Bal tashkhit (the law which prohibits waste) and Tza'ar ba'alei hayyim (the injunction not to cause 'hurting to living creatures').[61] Many Jewish vegetarians are particularly concerned about cruel practices in factory farms and high-speed, mechanized slaughterhouses.[60] Jonathan Safran Foer has raised these concerns in the brusk documentary film If This Is Kosher..., responding to what he considers abuses within the kosher meat industry.[62]

Some Jewish vegetarians have pointed out that Adam and Eve were not immune to swallow meat. Genesis 1:29 states "And God said: Behold, I accept given you every herb yielding seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree that has seed-yielding fruit—to you lot information technology shall be for food," indicating that God's original plan was for mankind to exist vegan.[63]· According to some opinions, the whole globe will again be vegetarian in the Messianic era, and not eating meat brings the world closer to that ideal.[63] As the ideal images of the Torah are vegetarian, one may see the laws of kashrut as actually designed to wean Jews away from meat eating and to move them toward the vegetarian ideal.[61]

Christianity [edit]

Within Eastern Christianity, vegetarianism is practiced every bit part of fasting during the Great Lent (although shellfish and other not-vertebrate products are mostly considered acceptable during some periods of this time); vegan fasting is particularly common in Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodox Churches, such as the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which generally fasts 210 days out of the year. This tradition greatly influenced the cuisine of Federal democratic republic of ethiopia.

Some Christian groups, such equally Seventh-mean solar day Adventists, the Christian Vegetarian Association and Christian anarchists, have a literal interpretation of the Biblical prophecies of universal vegetarianism (or veganism)[Genesis 1:29–1:31, Isaiah 11:6–11:nine, Isaiah 65:25] and encourage these practices as preferred lifestyles or as a tool to reject the article status of animals and the employ of animal products for any purpose, although some of them say it is non required. Other groups point instead to allegedly explicit prophecies of temple sacrifices in the Messianic Kingdom, e.g. Ezekiel 46:12, where and so-called peace offerings and so-called freewill offerings are said that volition be offered, and Leviticus seven:xv–20 where information technology states that such offerings are eaten, what may contradict the very purpose of Jesus' purportedly sufficient atonement.

Several Christian monastic groups, including the Desert Fathers, Trappists, Benedictines, Cistercians and Carthusians, all of the Orthodox monks and likewise Christian esoteric groups, such as the Rosicrucian Fellowship, have encouraged pescatarianism.[64] [65]

The Bible Christian Church, a Christian vegetarian sect founded by Reverend William Cowherd in 1809, were one of the philosophical forerunners of the Vegetarian Social club.[66] [67] Cowherd encouraged members to abstain from eating of meat every bit a form of temperance.[68]

Some Christian vegetarians, such equally Keith Akers, argue that Jesus himself was a vegetarian.[69] Akers argues that Jesus was influenced by the Essenes, an ascetic Jewish sect. The present academic consensus is that Jesus was non an Essene.[70] There is no historical record of Jesus' precise attitudes to animals, but in that location is a strand in his upstanding teaching almost the primacy of mercy to the weak, the powerless and the oppressed, which Walters and Portmess argue can also refer to captive animals.[17]

Other, more recent Christians movements, such as Sarx and CreatureKind, do not maintain that Jesus himself was a vegetarian, just instead fence that many practices which occur in the contemporary industrialized farming system, such as the mass culling of 24-hour interval-one-time male person-chicks in the egg industry, are incompatible with the life of peace and love to which Jesus called his followers.

Islam [edit]

Islam explicitly prohibits eating of some kinds of meat, specially pork. However, one of the most important Islamic celebrations, Eid al-Adha, involves animal sacrifices (Udhiya). Muslims who can afford to do so sacrifice domestic animals (ordinarily sheep, but too camels, cows, and goats). According to the Quran,[71] a large portion of the meat has to be given towards the poor and hungry, and every effort is to be made to encounter that no impoverished Muslim is left without sacrificial food during the days of feasts like Eid-ul-Adha.[72] On the other hand, Udhiya is only a sunnah and is not obligatory: fifty-fifty caliphs have used non-animate being means of sacrifice for Eid.[73]

Certain Islamic orders are mainly vegetarian; many Sufis maintain a vegetarian diet.[74] Some Muslims in Indonesia call back that being a vegetarian for reasons other than wellness is un-Islamic and it is a class of emulation of the infidels (tashabbuh bil kuffar).[75] On the other hand, the Rishi club in Kashmir were historically described as abnegation from meat consumption.[76]

The prophet Muhammad, however, was strongly confronting the frequent consumption of meat and, for his role, was said to subsist mainly on a nutrition of dates and barley.[77] [78]

Sri Lankan Sufi master Bawa Muhaiyaddeen, who established The Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship of North America in Philadelphia. The sometime Indian president Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was also famously a vegetarian.[79] [lxxx]

In January 1996, The International Vegetarian Matrimony announced the formation of the Muslim Vegetarian/Vegan Society.[81] At that place is as well a Vegan Muslim Initiative, founded 2017. They encourage Muslims to try a vegan diet during Ramadan, making it a "Veganadan".[82]

Proponents of vegetarianism in Islam have pointed to the teachings in the Quran and the Hadith which instruct kindness and compassion towards animals as well every bit avoiding excess:

"Transgress not in the remainder, and weigh with justice, and skimp not in the balance...earth, He set it down for all beings"

– Surrah Ar-Rahman 55:viii–ten[83]

"Whoever is kind to the creatures of God is kind to himself."
– Hadith: Bukhari[83] [84]

"A practiced deed done to an creature is equally meritorious as a good deed done to a human being, while an act of cruelty to an animal is as bad as an act of cruelty to a human being."
– Hadith: Mishkat al-Masabih; Book vi; Chapter 7, eight:178[83]

"O sons of wisdom, do not turn your stomachs into graveyards for animals."
– Hadith: Fayd al-Qadīr Sharh al-Jami' as-Saghīr ii/52[82]

"Beware of meat, for meat can exist every bit addictive as wine"
– Hadith: al-Muwaṭṭa' 1742[82]

Rastafari [edit]

Rastafari generally follow a diet chosen "I-tal", which eschews the eating of nutrient that has been artificially preserved, flavoured, or chemically altered in whatever way. Some Rastafari consider information technology to also forbid the eating of meat merely the bulk will not consume pork at the very to the lowest degree, considering it unclean.

Baháʼí Religion [edit]

While there are no dietary restrictions in the Baháʼí Religion, 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the son of the founder of the organized religion, noted that a vegetarian nutrition consisting of fruits and grains was desirable, except for people with a weak constitution or those that are ill.[85] He stated that there are no requirements that Baháʼís get vegetarian, merely that a futurity society would gradually become vegetarian.[85] [86] [87] 'Abdu'50-Bahá also stated that killing animals was somewhat contrary to compassion.[85] While Shoghi Effendi, the head of the Baháʼí Religion in the first half of the 20th century, stated that a purely vegetarian diet would exist preferable since it avoided killing animals,[88] both he and the Universal House of Justice (the governing body of the Baháʼís) have stated that these teachings do not constitute a Baháʼí practice and that Baháʼís can cull to eat whatever they wish, simply to be respectful of others' behavior.[85]

Other religions [edit]

Manichaeism [edit]

Manichaeism was a faith established by the Iranian named Mani during the Sassanian Empire. The religion prohibited slaughtering or eating animals.[89]

Zoroastrianism [edit]

Mazdakism, a sect of Zoroastrianism, explicitly promoted vegetarianism.[90]

One of the main precepts in Zoroastrianism is respect and kindness towards all living things and condemnation of cruelty against animals.[ commendation needed ]

The Shahnameh states that the evil male monarch of Persia, Zohak, was first taught eating meat by the evil one who came to him in the guise of a cook. This was the get-go of an age of great evil for Persia. Prior to this, in the Golden age of flesh in the days of the great Aryan Kings, homo did not eat meat.

The Pahlavi scriptures state that in the final stages of the world, when the final Saviour Saoshyant arrives, man will become more spiritual and gradually surrender meat eating.

Vegetarianism is stated to exist the future state of the globe in Pahlavi scriptures – Atrupat-east Emetan in Islamic republic of iran in Denkard Book VI requested all Zoroastrians to be vegetarians:

"ku.san enez a-on ku urwar xwarishn bawed shmah mardoman ku derziwishn bawed, ud az tan i gospand pahrezed, ce amar was, east.g. Ohrmaz i xwaday hay.yarih i gospand ray urwar was dad."

Meaning: They agree this also: Be plant eaters (urwar xwarishn) (i.due east. vegetarian), O you lot, men, so that you lot may live long. Keep away from the body of cattle (tan i gospand), and securely reckon that Ohrmazd, the Lord has created plants in cracking number for helping cattle (and men)."

Nation of Islam [edit]

The Nation of Islam promotes vegetarianism deeming it the "nigh healthful and virtuous way to eat".[91]

Taoism [edit]

In Chinese societies, "simple eating" (素食 Standard mandarin: sù shí) refers to a particular restricted nutrition associated with Taoist monks, and sometimes practiced by members of the general population during Taoist festivals and fasting days. It is like to Chinese Buddhist vegetarianism. Varying levels of abstinence among Taoists and Taoist-influenced people include veganism, veganism without root vegetables, lacto-ovo vegetarianism, and pescetarianism. Taoist vegetarians likewise tend to abstain from booze and pungent vegetables such as garlic and onions during lenten days. Non-vegetarian Taoists sometimes abjure from beef and water buffalo meat for many cultural reasons.

Vegetarianism in the Taoist tradition is like to that of Lent in the Christian tradition. While highly religious people such as monks may be vegetarian, vegan or pescetarian on a permanent basis, lay practitioners often eat vegetarian on the 1st (new moon), 8th, 14th, 18th, 23rd, 24th, 28th, 29th and 30th days of the lunar calendar. In accordance with their Buddhist peers, and because many people are both Taoist and Buddhist, they ofttimes as well swallow lenten on the 15th day (full moon). Taoist vegetarianism is similar to Chinese Buddhist vegetarianism, however, its roots reach to pre-Buddhist times. Believers historically abstained from animal products and alcohol before practicing Confucian, Taoist and Chinese folk religion rites.[ citation needed ]

It is referred to past the English word "vegetarian"; nonetheless, though it rejects meat, eggs, and milk, this diet may include oysters and oyster products or otherwise be pescetarian for some believers. Many lay Taoists who follow modern sects such equally that of Yi Guan Dao or Master Ching Hai are vegan or strictly vegetarian.[ citation needed ]

Faithist/Oahspe [edit]

Oahspe (Significant Heaven, Earth and Spirit) is the doctrinal book of those who follow Faithism. The precepts for behavior can be found throughout the book which include" a herbivorous diet (vegan, vegetable nutrient only), peaceful living (no warring or violence; pacifism), living a life of virtue, service to others, angelic assistance, spiritual communion, and communal living when it is feasible to do so. Liberty and responsibility are two themes reiterated throughout the text of Oahspe.

Neopaganism [edit]

There is no set teaching on vegetarianism within the diverse neopagan communities, nevertheless many do follow a vegetarian diet often connected to ecological concerns likewise equally the welfare and rights of animals. Vegetarian practitioners of Wicca volition often see their standpoint as a natural extension of the Wiccan Rede. Organizations like SERV refer to the historic figures of Porphyry, Pythagoras and Iamblichus every bit sources for the Pagan view of vegetarianism.[92] During the 1970s the publication Globe Religion News, focused on articles related to neopaganism and vegetarianism, it was edited by the author Herman Slater.[93]

Meher Baba'south teachings [edit]

The spiritual teacher Meher Baba recommended a vegetarian diet for his followers[94] considering he held that it helps 1 to avoid certain impurities: "Killing an animal for sport, pleasure or food ways communicable all its bad impressions, since the motive is selfish....Impressions are contagious. Eating meat is prohibited in many spiritual disciplines because therein the person catches the impressions of the fauna, thus rendering himself more than susceptible to lust and anger."[95]

Creativity movement [edit]

The Creativity religion promotes[96] [97] [98] [99] a grade of fruitinarian raw food diet in its "Good for you Living" health program named after the third text of the faith written by Arnold DeVries and Ben Klassen, which encourages the consumption of only raw foods in their "natural state, basically fruits, vegetables, grains and nuts,"[100] getting enough of physical exercise likewise as forbearance from alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, sugar, preservatives, insecticides, narcotics and other drugs whether prescription or non-prescription.[101] Good for you Living is considered mandatory to "fully practise" Creativity and a lawsuit is currently in place confronting the Bureau of Prisons to get it recognized as a religious dietary preference[102] for incarcerated adherents of the religious movement.

See also [edit]

  • Animal sacrifice
  • Beast chaplains
  • Environmental vegetarianism
  • Ethics of eating meat
  • Fasting
  • History of vegetarianism
  • Vegetarian cuisine
  • Vegetarian nutrition

References [edit]

  1. ^ Tähtinen, Unto (1976). Ahimsa: Non-Violence in Indian Tradition. London. pp. 107–111.
  2. ^ Walters, Kerry S.; Lisa Portmess (2001). Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama. Albany. pp. 37–91.
  3. ^ "What Do You Know of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha?". Sikhism 101. UniversalFaith.net. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved thirteen July 2010.
  4. ^ "Sikhism: A Universal Message". thirteen March 2009. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved vii January 2009.
  5. ^ Walters, Kerry S.; Lisa Portmess (2001). Religious Vegetarianism From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama. Albany. pp. 123–167.
  6. ^ Iacobbo, Karen; Michael Iacobbo (2004). Vegetarian America. A History . Westport. pp. 3–14, 97–99, 232–233.
  7. ^ Faxian (1886). "On To Mathura Or Muttra. Condition And Customs Of Central Bharat; Of The Monks, Viharas, And Monasteries.". A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms. Translated by Legge, James.
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  18. ^ Mahabharata 3.199 is 3.207 according to some other count.
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  20. ^ Mahabharata department LXVI"
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Further reading [edit]

  • Religious Vegetarianism: From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama (2001) edited past: Kerry Walters; Lisa Portmess
  • Lisa Kemmerer, Animals and World Religions (2012) ISBN 978-0199790685
  • Phelps, Norm (2004). The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Fauna Rights. New York: Lantern Books. ISBN978-1590560693.
  • Roberta Kalechofsky, Rabbis and Vegetarianism: An Evolving Tradition. (Micah Publications. Massachusetts, 1995. ISBN 0-916288-42-0.)
  • Richard H. Schwartz, Judaism and Vegetarianism. (Lantern Books. New York, 2001. ISBN i-930051-24-7.)
  • Richard Alan Immature, Is God a Vegetarian? (Carus Publishing Visitor. Chicago, 1999. ISBN 0-8126-9393-0.)
  • Rynn Drupe, Nutrient for the Gods: Vegetarianism & the World'south Religions (Pythagorean Publishers. May 1998. 978-096261692.1)
  • Steven J. Rosen, Diet for Transcendence (formerly published equally Nutrient for the Spirit): Vegetarianism and the World Religions, foreword by Isaac Bashevis Vocalist (Badger, California: Torchlight Books, 1997)
  • Steven J. Rosen, Holy Cow: The Hare Krishna Contribution to Vegetarianism and Animal Rights (New York: Lantern Books, 2004)

External links [edit]

  • Buddhist Resources on Vegetarianism and Creature Welfare
  • Rennets and religion The utilize of rennet in Abrahamic religions
  • The Fellowship of Life archive of British activism since the 1970s
  • The Word of Wisdom: the Forgotten Verses A word of Latter-day Saint (LDS or Mormon) beliefs and vegetarian principles
  • What Gives Us the Right to Kill Animals? – A Jewish view on Vegetarianism chabad.org
  • Fools Who Wrangle Over Flesh for a technical Sikh perspective
  • Sikh History on Diet

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion

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